There are actually two prominent figures named Arnold Toynbee. To avoid confusion, it's important to distinguish between them:
Arnold Toynbee (1852-1883): An English economic historian and social reformer. He was deeply concerned about the living conditions of the working class and is known for his public service activities on their behalf. One notable achievement was inspiring the foundation of Toynbee Hall, a settlement house in London dedicated to improving the lives of the poor.
Arnold J. Toynbee (1889-1975): The nephew of the aforementioned Arnold Toynbee. He was a highly influential historian and philosopher of history. His most famous work is the monumental 12-volume "A Study of History," which proposes a cyclical theory of the rise and fall of civilizations. He was also a leading authority on international affairs and wrote extensively on the subject
